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Articles 2 and 4 of the Convention. Application of the principle by means of collective agreements. Cooperation with the social partners. The Committee notes that the Government’s report does not contain any reply to its previous comment concerning the limited nature of the principle of equal remuneration laid down in section 42 of the general collective agreement applicable to workers in the Republic of Chad. It is bound to emphasize once again that the guarantee offered to men and women workers by this collective agreement is narrower than that provided for by section 246 of the Labour Code, as it does not give full effect to the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value, as established by Article 1 of the Convention. The Committee therefore asks the Government to clarify the practical scope of section 42 of the collective agreement concerning equal remuneration and to indicate in what manner it is ensured, in law and in practice, that men and women workers receive equal remuneration when they perform work of equal value. It also asks the Government to supply information on any measures taken to encourage the social partners to include a clause establishing the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value in the abovementioned collective agreement when it is renegotiated. Finally, the Government is requested once again to send copies of the appendices to the agreement establishing professional classifications for each sector of activity, which, contrary to what was stated, were not attached to the report.

With reference to its previous comments, the Committee notes that, according to the Government, cooperation with the women’s committees of trade unions which are striving for equality in employment, vocation and remuneration is not working effectively. However, it underlines the key role that the social partners can play in the elimination of discrimination in collective agreements and in the promotion and implementation of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. The Committee asks the Government to take the necessary steps to encourage the development of this cooperation, not only with trade unions and their women’s committees but also with employers’ organization, and to supply information on the actions taken in this respect and also on the results achieved. The Government is also requested to supply such detailed information as is possible on the following:

(i)    specific activities which it is undertaking with regard to the employers’ organization and workers’ organizations to promote equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, the implementation of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value;

(ii)   the initiatives taken by the High Committee for Labour and Social Security, a tripartite advisory body established pursuant to section 327 of the Labour Code, in the area of combating inequalities relating to pay;

(iii) the activities undertaken by the social partners themselves to promote a better understanding and application of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value and, in particular, of the concept of “work of equal value”.

Practical application of the Convention. Inspection. With reference to the Government’s statement that, in the absence of an objective complaint, it considers that there is nothing to report, the Committee is bound to recall that the absence of a reported infringement, a lodged complaint or even a court decision issued in the area of pay discrimination in no way signifies that no problems exist with regard to the practical application of the Convention. In this respect, the Committee notes the Government’s statement that it intends to enhance the conditions of work of labour inspectors in order to enable them to carry out inspections in the field. It also draws the Government’s attention to the need to take steps to raise the awareness of these major players in the area of equality regarding the need to promote the application of the principle established by the Convention and to ensure a clear understanding of the principle of “work of equal value”, and the need to use appropriate methods for objective job evaluation. The Committee hopes that the Government will equip labour inspectors in the near future with the necessary resources and tools to enable them to identify discrimination in the area of pay, provide advice on the best ways of putting an effective stop to it and, if necessary, impose penalties, and it requests the Government to provide information on the measures taken to this end, and also on the results of inspections undertaken (number of workplaces visited and numbers of men and women workers covered, infringements reported, reports drawn up, penalties imposed, etc.).

Statistics. With reference to its previous request which received no reply, the Committee again asks the Government to provide information and statistics in support of the results of the survey undertaken in 42 enterprises concerning the application of the present Convention and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111), particularly the numbers of men and women working in these enterprises, the numbers of men and women who have been promoted and trained, their levels of pay and also their respective posts. The Government is also requested to provide any recent available statistics, disaggregated by sex, relating to wages in the public and private sectors.

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The Committee notes that the Government’s report contains no reply to its previous comments. It hopes that the next report will include full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s brief report, as well as the text of the present General Collective Agreement which states in article 42 that, given equal working conditions, seniority and professional qualifications, salaries shall be equal for all workers regardless of their age, sex or status. The Committee wishes to remind the Government, however, that the principle expressed in Article 1(b) of the Convention applies not only to equal or the same work but also to work of equal value. Considering that the Labour Code guarantees the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value in article 246, and given that collective agreements may not derogate from the guarantees granted under the Labour Code according to article 339, the Committee asks the Government to indicate whether the General Collective Agreement, in practice, ensures equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. The Committee also asks the Government to provide in its next report the annexes to the General Collective Agreement which determine the professional classifications for each sector of activity.

For several years now, the Committee has requested information on the Government’s study in which 42 enterprises were surveyed on the application of this Convention and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111). It recalls the Government’s indication that the findings of this survey revealed no discrimination in relation to either recruitment, promotion and training or remuneration. The Committee again asks the Government to provide the survey results in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels. Please also include the wage scales for the enterprises that participated in the study. More generally, the Committee hopes the Government will be in a position to gather and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention for both the public and private sectors.

Recalling the Government’s information on the “Cellule de liaison et d’information des associations féminines” (coordination unit for women’s associations), the Committee again invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

Parts III, IV and V of the report form. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that it does not at present have any statistics on the reports from the inspection services. It further notes that, to date, no case dealing with the application of the principle of Convention No. 100 has ever been decided by a court of law. The Committee reminds the Government that simply because there have been no cases dealing with equal remuneration does not mean that the problem does not exist in practice. The Committee stresses, therefore, the need for information that will help it gain an appreciation of how the Convention is applied, including cases identified by the labour inspectorate or any cases lodged on matters of equal remuneration. The Committee also asks the Government to indicate what measures it is considering or putting into place to strengthen the supervision of equal remuneration for work of equal value through, for example, targeted training for labour inspectors or the greater sensitization and involvement of workers and employers in the inspection process.

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The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s brief report as well as the text of the present General Collective Agreement which states in article 42 that, given equal working conditions, seniority and professional qualifications, salaries shall be equal for all workers regardless of their age, sex or status. The Committee wishes to remind the Government, however, that the principle expressed in Article 1(b) of the Convention applies not only to equal or the same work but also to work of equal value. Considering that the Labour Code guarantees the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value in article 246, and given that collective agreements may not derogate from the guarantees granted under the Labour Code according to article 339, the Committee asks the Government to indicate whether the General Collective Agreement, in practice, ensures equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. The Committee also asks the Government to provide in its next report the annexes to the General Collective Agreement which determine the professional classifications for each sector of activity.

2. For several years now, the Committee has requested information on the Government’s study in which 42 enterprises were surveyed on the application of this Convention and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111). It recalls the Government’s indication that the findings of this survey revealed no discrimination in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or remuneration. The Committee again asks the Government to provide the survey results in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels. Please also include the wage scales for the enterprises that participated in the study. More generally, the Committee hopes the Government will be in a position to gather and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention for both the public and private sectors.

3. Recalling the Government’s information on the coordination unit for women’s associations (“Cellule de liaison et d’information des associations féminines”), the Committee again invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

4. Parts III, IV and V of the report form. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that it does not at present have any statistics on the reports from the inspection services. It further notes that to date, no case dealing with the application of the principle of Convention No. 100 has ever been decided by a court of law. The Committee reminds the Government that simply because there have been no cases dealing with equal remuneration does not mean that the problem does not exist in practice. The Committee stresses, therefore, the need for information that will help it gain an appreciation of how the Convention is applied, including cases identified by the labour inspectorate or any cases lodged on matters of equal remuneration. The Committee also asks the Government to indicate what measures it is considering or putting into place to strengthen the supervision of equal remuneration for work of equal value through, for example, targeted training for labour inspectors or the greater sensitization and involvement of workers and employers in the inspection process.

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1. Articles 1 and 2 of the Convention. The Committee notes the Government’s brief report as well as the text of the present General Collective Agreement which states in article 42 that, given equal working conditions, seniority and professional qualifications, salaries shall be equal for all workers regardless of their age, sex or status. The Committee wishes to remind the Government, however, that the principle expressed in Article 1(b) of the Convention applies not only to equal or the same work but also to work of equal value. Considering that the Labour Code guarantees the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value in article 246, and given that collective agreements may not derogate from the guarantees granted under the Labour Code according to article 339, the Committee asks the Government to indicate whether the General Collective Agreement, in practice, ensures equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value. The Committee also asks the Government to provide in its next report the annexes to the General Collective Agreement which determine the professional classifications for each sector of activity.

2. For several years now, the Committee has requested information on the Government’s study in which 42 enterprises were surveyed on the application of this Convention and the Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111). It recalls the Government’s indication that the findings of this survey revealed no discrimination in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or remuneration. The Committee again asks the Government to provide the survey results in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels. Please also include the wage scales for the enterprises that participated in the study. More generally, the Committee hopes the Government will be in a position to gather and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention for both the public and private sectors.

3. Recalling the Government’s information on the coordination unit for women’s associations (Cellule de liaison et d’information des associations féminines”), the Committee again invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

4. Parts III, IV and V of the report form. The Committee notes the Government’s statement that it does not at present have any statistics on the reports from the inspection services. It further notes that to date, no case dealing with the application of the principle of Convention No. 100 has ever been decided by a court of law. The Committee reminds the Government that simply because there have been no cases dealing with equal remuneration does not mean that the problem does not exist in practice. The Committee stresses, therefore, the need for information that will help it gain an appreciation of how the Convention is applied, including cases identified by the labour inspectorate or any cases lodged on matters of equal remuneration. The Committee also asks the Government to indicate what measures it is considering or putting into place to strengthen the supervision of equal remuneration for work of equal value through, for example, targeted training for labour inspectors or the greater sensitization and involvement of workers and employers in the inspection process.

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The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes Act No. 25/PR/94 of 22 July 1994 adopting a population policy declaration and Act No. 19/PR/95 of 4 September 1995, which declares a policy to integrate women in development (IDF). The Committee notes that the policy on population has the objective of eliminating all forms of discrimination against women, which hinder their integration into the development process. This policy promotes awareness raising of women’s rights as well as adapting education and training to employment needs in the private and public sectors. The Committee notes that the IDF policy includes objectives and measures regarding training and employment of women. The Committee asks the Government to provide information on the measures taken or contemplated under these two policies and the results obtained with regard to improving women’s position in the labour market and guaranteeing equal remuneration for work of equal value.

2. The Committee notes the report on the survey on the application of Conventions Nos. 111 and 100 in 42 enterprises. It notes that the study found no discrimination in the surveyed enterprises in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or to remuneration. The Committee would be grateful if the Government could provide statistical data in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels, so that the findings can be evaluated. Moreover, noting the study’s indication that in 98 per cent of the surveyed enterprises wages are determined through the wage scale established on the basis of professional categories contained in the General Collective Agreement and its annexes, the Committee asks the Government to provide the wage scale and the Agreement. It also invites the Government, in so far as possible, to collect and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, also on employment in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention.

3. The Committee notes the Ministerial Order No. 300/MEN/DG/94 of the Ministry of National Education of 30 December 1994, which establishes the technical unit to promote girls’ education under the responsibility of the Director-General of the Ministry. It notes that traditional attitudes which prevented girls from going to school have changed in the areas covered and that in primary school the gap between boys and girls decreased, while at secondary and tertiary levels the presence of female students remained low. The Committee encourages the Government to continue supplying information on education and relevant promotional measures.

4. The Committee also notes the information on the coordination unit for women’s associations ("Cellule de Liaison et d’Information des Associations Feminines") and invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

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The Committee notes that the Government’s report does not contain a reply to its previous comments. It must therefore repeat its previous direct request which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes Act No. 25/PR/94 of 22 July 1994 adopting a population policy declaration and Act No. 19/PR/95 of 4 September 1995, which declares a policy to integrate women in development (IDF). The Committee notes that the policy on population has the objective of eliminating all forms of discrimination against women, which hinder their integration into the development process. This policy promotes awareness raising of women’s rights as well as adapting education and training to employment needs in the private and public sectors. The Committee notes that the IDF policy includes objectives and measures regarding training and employment of women. The Committee asks the Government to provide information on the measures taken or contemplated under these two policies and the results obtained with regard to improving women’s position in the labour market and guaranteeing equal remuneration for work of equal value.

2. The Committee notes the report on the survey on the application of Conventions Nos. 111 and 100 in 42 enterprises. It notes that the study found no discrimination in the surveyed enterprises in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or to remuneration. The Committee would be grateful if the Government could provide statistical data in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels, so that the findings can be evaluated. Moreover, noting the study’s indication that in 98 per cent of the surveyed enterprises wages are determined through the wage scale established on the basis of professional categories contained in the General Collective Agreement and its annexes, the Committee asks the Government to provide the wage scale and the Agreement. It also invites the Government, in so far as possible, to collect and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, also on employment in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention.

3. The Committee notes the Ministerial Order No. 300/MEN/DG/94 of the Ministry of National Education of 30 December 1994, which establishes the technical unit to promote girls’ education under the responsibility of the Director-General of the Ministry. It notes that traditional attitudes which prevented girls from going to school have changed in the areas covered and that in primary school the gap between boys and girls decreased, while at secondary and tertiary levels the presence of female students remained low. The Committee encourages the Government to continue supplying information on education and relevant promotional measures.

4. The Committee also notes the information on the coordination unit for women’s associations ("Cellule de Liaison et d’Information des Associations Feminines") and invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

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The Committee notes that the Government’s report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes Act No. 25/PR/94 of 22 July 1994 adopting a population policy declaration and Act No. 19/PR/95 of 4 September 1995, which declares a policy to integrate women in development (IDF). The Committee notes that the policy on population has the objective of eliminating all forms of discrimination against women, which hinder their integration into the development process. This policy promotes awareness raising of women’s rights as well as adapting education and training to employment needs in the private and public sectors. The Committee notes that the IDF policy includes objectives and measures regarding training and employment of women. The Committee asks the Government to provide information on the measures taken or contemplated under these two policies and the results obtained with regard to improving women’s position in the labour market and guaranteeing equal remuneration for work of equal value.

2. The Committee notes the report on the survey on the application of Conventions Nos. 111 and 100 in 42 enterprises. It notes that the study found no discrimination in the surveyed enterprises in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or to remuneration. The Committee would be grateful if the Government could provide statistical data in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels, so that the findings can be evaluated. Moreover, noting the study’s indication that in 98 per cent of the surveyed enterprises wages are determined through the wage scale established on the basis of professional categories contained in the General Collective Agreement and its annexes, the Committee asks the Government to provide the wage scale and the Agreement. It also invites the Government, in so far as possible, to collect and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, also on employment in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention.

3. The Committee notes the Ministerial Order No. 300/MEN/DG/94 of the Ministry of National Education of 30 December 1994, which establishes the technical unit to promote girls’ education under the responsibility of the Director-General of the Ministry. It notes that traditional attitudes which prevented girls from going to school have changed in the areas covered and that in primary school the gap between boys and girls decreased, while at secondary and tertiary levels the presence of female students remained low. The Committee encourages the Government to continue supplying information on education and relevant promotional measures.

4. The Committee also notes the information on the coordination unit for women’s associations ("Cellule de Liaison et d’Information des Associations Feminines") and invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

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The Committee notes the Government’s report and the attached documentation.

1. The Committee notes Act No. 25/PR/94 of 22 July 1994 adopting a population policy declaration and Act No. 19/PR/95 of 4 September 1995, which declares a policy to integrate women in development (IDF). The Committee notes that the policy on population has the objective of eliminating all forms of discrimination against women, which hinder their integration into the development process. This policy promotes awareness raising of women’s rights as well as adapting education and training to employment needs in the private and public sectors. The Committee notes that the IDF policy includes objectives and measures regarding training and employment of women. The Committee asks the Government to provide information on the measures taken or contemplated under these two policies and the results obtained with regard to improving women’s position in the labour market and guaranteeing equal remuneration for work of equal value.

2. The Committee notes the report on the survey on the application of Conventions Nos. 111 and 100 in 42 enterprises. It notes that the study found no discrimination in the surveyed enterprises in relation either to recruitment, promotion and training or to remuneration. The Committee would be grateful if the Government could provide statistical data in support of these findings, in particular data on the number of men and women recruited, promoted and trained, as well as their occupations and wage levels, so that the findings can be evaluated. Moreover, noting the study’s indication that in 98 per cent of the surveyed enterprises wages are determined through the wage scale established on the basis of professional categories contained in the General Collective Agreement and its annexes, the Committee asks the Government to provide the wage scale and the Agreement. It also invites the Government, in so far as possible, to collect and provide statistical information, disaggregated by sex, also on employment in accordance with its 1998 general observation on this Convention.

3. The Committee notes the Ministerial Order No. 300/MEN/DG/94 of the Ministry of National Education of 30 December 1994, which establishes the technical unit to promote girls’ education under the responsibility of the Director-General of the Ministry. It notes that traditional attitudes which prevented girls from going to school have changed in the areas covered and that in primary school the gap between boys and girls decreased, while at secondary and tertiary levels the presence of female students remained low. The Committee encourages the Government to continue supplying information on education and relevant promotional measures.

4. The Committee also notes the information on the coordination unit for women’s associations ("Cellule de Liaison et d’Information des Associations Feminines") and invites the Government to provide information on its collaboration with women’s committees of trade unions and on the activities it carries out in relation to the promotion of equality in employment and occupation and, in particular, to equal remuneration for work of equal value.

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The Committee notes that the Government's report contains no reply to its previous comments. It hopes that the next report will contain full information on the points raised in the Committee's earlier direct request, which read as follows:

[...]

1. The Committee notes the Government's report replying to its previous direct request. It notes that a policy to integrate women into development has just been adopted and that two focal points have been set up within the ministerial departments concerned to conduct studies on the situation of the women employed by these ministries. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide details of the content of its policy on equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, which is the principle laid down by Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

2. The Committee notes that ad hoc surveys carried out in two companies employing a large number of women showed that women have the same rights and benefits as men. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide a copy of the conclusions of these surveys with its next report, particularly as they concern remuneration within the meaning of Article 1(a) of the Convention.

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The Committee notes that the Government's report contains no reply to previous comments. It hopes that the next report will include full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes the Government's report replying to its previous direct request. It notes that a policy to integrate women into development has just been adopted and that two focal points have been set up within the ministerial departments concerned to conduct studies on the situation of the women employed by these ministries. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide details of the content of its policy on equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, which is the principle laid down by Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

2. The Committee notes that ad hoc surveys carried out in two companies employing a large number of women showed that women have the same rights and benefits as men. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide a copy of the conclusions of these surveys with its next report, particularly as they concern remuneration within the meaning of Article 1(a) of the Convention.

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The Committee notes with interest the adoption, by Act No. 038/PR/96 of 11 December 1996, of a new Labour Code, sections 246 and 247 of which set out the principle of equal remuneration in accordance with the Convention. Under the terms of section 246 of the Labour Code, "all employers are bound to ensure, for the same work or for work of equal value, equal remuneration for employees, irrespective of their origin, nationality, sex and age, under the conditions provided for in the present Title" and a definition is provided of remuneration in terms which are identical to those of Article 1(a) of the Convention. Section 247 states that the various components of remuneration must be established according to identical standards for men and for women, that professional categories and classifications and the criteria for promotion must be common to workers of both sexes, and that methods for the evaluation of jobs must be based on objective and identical criteria, based essentially on the nature of the work involved in the jobs. This provision is in accordance with Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

The Committee is addressing a request directly to the Government on other matters.

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1. The Committee notes the Government's report replying to its previous direct request. It notes that a policy to integrate women into development has just been adopted and that two focal points have been set up within the ministerial departments concerned to conduct studies on the situation of the women employed by these ministries. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide details of the content of its policy on equal remuneration for men and women for work of equal value, which is the principle laid down by Article 1, paragraph 1, of the Convention.

2. The Committee notes that ad hoc surveys carried out in two companies employing a large number of women showed that women have the same rights and benefits as men. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would provide a copy of the conclusions of these surveys with its next report, particularly as they concern remuneration within the meaning of Article 1(a) of the Convention.

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The Committee notes with regret that the Government's report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes the Government's statement that the labour inspection services have not recorded any complaints from women workers concerning discrimination in remuneration. It asks the Government to continue to supply in its future reports information on measures taken to ensure supervision of the application of the provisions of the Labour Code (section 141) that concern equal remuneration and the provisions of the General Collective Agreement that concern job classifications and, in particular, information on the activities of the labour inspectorate (violations recorded, sanctions imposed) and on court decisions concerning these matters.

2. The Committee notes that, according to the Government, female labour is concentrated in secretarial and typing jobs, whereas it is virtually absent from the road transport, engineering, construction, water supply and forestry sectors. The Committee again refers to paragraph 22 of its 1986 General Survey on Equal Remuneration and asks the Government to indicate the measures taken or contemplated to ensure that in sectors employing a majority of women, qualities traditionally considered as "peculiar to women" are properly evaluated in the light of the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value.

3. Further to its general observation of 1990, the Committee hopes that the Government and the employers' and workers' organizations will endeavour to collect and analyse data on earnings and related factors in order to facilitate the application of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would, if possible, provide information on any studies or surveys of this kind.

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1. The Committee notes the information supplied in the Government's report according to which remuneration is fixed according to the posts and categories, irrespective of the sex of the worker, in all sectors. The Government adds that objective job evaluation on the basis of the work to be performed has not yet been established. The Committee recalls that Article 3 of the Convention calls for measures to be taken to promote such objective appraisal of jobs. The Committee accordingly requests the Government to consider introducing such measures, perhaps in the context of the tripartite commission discussed below. It recalls that the technical assistance of the Office is available in this respect.

2. The Government reports that, together with employers' and workers' organizations, it is trying to establish a tripartite commission which would be responsible for gathering information relating to the principle of equal remuneration between the male and the female workforce for work of equal value; for the moment, however, no data collection or analysis of earnings has been carried out. The Committee asks the Government to inform it of progress in establishing this commission, and of any activities it undertakes towards collecting data on remuneration disaggregated by sex, and analysing any wage gap that emerges from this data, in an effort to ensure application of the principle of the Convention.

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The Committee notes that the Government's report has not been received. It hopes that a report will be supplied for examination by the Committee at its next session and that it will contain full information on the matters raised in its previous direct request, which read as follows:

1. The Committee notes the Government's statement that the labour inspection services have not recorded any complaints from women workers concerning discrimination in remuneration. It asks the Government to continue to supply in its future reports information on measures taken to ensure supervision of the application of the provisions of the Labour Code (section 141) that concern equal remuneration and the provisions of the General Collective Agreement that concern job classifications and, in particular, information on the activities of the labour inspectorate (violations recorded, sanctions imposed) and on court decisions concerning these matters.

2. The Committee notes that, according to the Government, female labour is concentrated in secretarial and typing jobs, whereas it is virtually absent from the road transport, engineering, construction, water supply and forestry sectors. The Committee again refers to paragraph 22 of its 1986 General Survey on Equal Remuneration and asks the Government to indicate the measures taken or contemplated to ensure that in sectors employing a majority of women, qualities traditionally considered as "peculiar to women" are properly evaluated in the light of the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value.

3. Further to its general observation of 1990, the Committee hopes that the Government and the employers' and workers' organizations will endeavour to collect and analyse data on earnings and related factors in order to facilitate the application of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would, if possible, provide information on any studies or surveys of this kind.

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With reference to its previous direct requests, the Committee notes the information supplied by the Government in its report.

1. The Committee notes the Government's statement that the labour inspection services have not recorded any complaints from women workers concerning discrimination in remuneration. It asks the Government to continue to supply in its future reports information on measures taken to ensure supervision of the application of the provisions of the Labour Code (section 141) that concern equal remuneration and the provisions of the General Collective Agreement that concern job classifications and, in particular, information on the activities of the labour inspectorate (violations recorded, sanctions imposed) and on court decisions concerning these matters.

2. The Committee notes that, according to the Government, female labour is concentrated in secretarial and typing jobs, whereas it is virtually absent from the road transport, engineering, construction, water supply and forestry sectors. The Committee again refers to paragraph 22 of its 1986 General Survey on Equal Remuneration and asks the Government to indicate the measures taken or contemplated to ensure that in sectors employing a majority of women, qualities traditionally considered as "peculiar to women" are properly evaluated in the light of the principle of equal remuneration for work of equal value.

3. Further to its general observation of 1990, the Committee hopes that the Government and the employers' and workers' organizations will endeavour to collect and analyse data on earnings and related factors in order to facilitate the application of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value. The Committee would be grateful if the Government would, if possible, provide information on any studies or surveys of this kind.

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The Committee notes the information supplied by the Government in reply to its previous comments.

1. In its previous comments, the Committee requested the Government to provide full particulars of disputes concerning the application of the principle of equal remuneration for men and women that might have come to the attention of the labour inspectorate. The Committee notes the indication that the labour inspectorate has not yet recorded any disputes of this nature. It asks the Government to provide as soon as possible information relating to point V of the report form on the manner in which practical effect is given to the Convention.

2. With regard to the criteria for appraising jobs applied in the private and public sectors, the Committee notes that section 26 of the General Collective Agreement enclosed with the report provides that the wage of each worker shall be determined on the basis of the job assigned to him or her in the enterprise. This provision also stipulates that all workers must be classified in one of the categories defined in section 43 of the same Agreement. The Committee also notes that the enterprise collective agreements for the various sectors, which supplement and clarify the General Collective Agreement, contain the same provisions.

Thus, the enterprise collective agreement of the Chad Cotton Company (COTONTCHAD) stipulates in section 14 that employees other than managers shall be classified in the wage scales according to the following criteria: training, qualifications, experience, professional value and the post held. Section 16 of the same Agreement, which concerns managers, establishes classification by category according to training, professional value, the importance of the post and the responsibilities involved. The Committee also notes that the General Collective Agreement must be observed by both public and private employers.

The Committee notes the Government's statement in its report that no services are reserved specifically for men or women and that the absence of women in certain services is due to the fact that there are no women possessing the necessary qualifications. In this connection, it refers to paragraph 22 of its 1986 General Survey on Equal Remuneration, which points out that "the fact that women workers are more heavily concentrated in certain jobs and in certain sectors of activity has to be taken into account so as to avoid or redress a biased evaluation of qualities traditionally considered as peculiar to women". It asks the Government to indicate in its next report the sectors or services where there are no women or where women are concentrated.